Revised from November 2006 and July 2007. We consider fixed-effect estimation of a production function where inputs and outputs vary over time, space, and cross-sectional unit. Variability in the spatial dimension allows for time-varying individual effects, without parametric assumptions on the...

The recent general equilibrium theory of trade and multinationals emphasizes the importance of third countries and the complex integration strtegies of multinationals. Little has been done to test this theory empirically. This paper attempts to rectify this situation by considering not only...