, proposes an exhaustive and consistent measure of applied, preferential tariff protection in 2007. The methodology, similar to … computing ad valorem equivalents of tariff protection, and when computing averages at aggregate levels. The world average … applied protection level in 2007 is estimated to be 4.4%. Compared to 2004, this is a decline by nearly 0.7 percentage point …

are that with better legal protection, investors give more non-contractible support and demand more downside protection …