This paper empirically investigates the relationship between corruption and the emigration of those with high, medium … and low levels of educational attainment. The empirical results indicate that as corruption increases the emigration rate … levels of educational attainment, however, increases at initial levels of corruption and then decreases beyond a certain …

The relationship between corruption and the shadow economy is not clear. Theoretically, they either substitute or … with two latent variables – extracts information on various dimensions of corruption and the shadow economy to contribute … and corruption. The results show that the shadow economy influences corruption more than corruption influences the shadow …