This study assesses the overall impact on credit of the financial regulatory reforms in Europe, Japan, and the United … higher taxes and fees. Overall, average lending rates in the base case would rise by 18 bps in Europe, 8 bps in Japan, and 28 …

The crisis in Europe has underscored the vulnerability of European bank funding models compared to international peers …. This paper studies the drivers behind this fragility and examines the future of bank funding, primarily wholesale, in … Europe. We argue that cyclical and structural factors have altered the structure, cost, and composition of funding for …

sectors. The restructuring includes the strengthening of bank resolution tools, the activation of nonperforming loans, the …