The standard source for pre-WWII global freight rate trends is the Isserlis British tramp shipping index. We think it … the precipitous decline in nominal freight rates before the World War I, but it also extends the series to the 1940s …. Furthermore, our new series is linked to the post-World War II era (documented by David Hummels), so that we can be more precise …

spice markets were already well integrated with those in Iberia and northern Europe, implying that Portugal could not have …

World War I to the quotas and bans introduced afterwards was the result of a combination of factors: public hostility …

reports a set of world tariff facts for the 150 years between 1789 and 1938 that have not been well appreciated. First, tariff … industrially-lagging Europe, and more steeply even in Asia. Furthermore, after world tariff rates rose between 1865 and 1900, they … world tariff facts come from two sources: Stolper-Samuelson -- scarce factors should lobby for protection when exposed to …

that accelerated even more up to 1950-1975. What explains the spread of the industrial revolution world-wide and this … to have taken resource advantages away from the European and North American leaders, and integrating world financial …

of life deep into the 18th century. Does world market integration breed more or less commodity price volatility? The … been associated with much greater commodity price volatility, while world market integration associated with peace and pro … never been constant. Globalization increased poor country specialization in commodities when the world went open after the …