Canadian immigrants at the time of immigration fall short of the earnings of comparable Canadian-born individuals, and (2 … recent changes in Canadian immigration policy, labor market discrimination against visible minorities, and the prolonged …

skills declined following changes in Canada's immigration policies in 1974 that led to a sharp increase in the proportion of … complete until 13 to 22 years after entry into Canada. These results are revealed clearly in both the pseudo-longitudinal and … increases with their duration of stay in Canada, and since there are no differential immigrant-native changes in higher …