In the international trade literature there seems to be some confusion between "openness" and "protection" measures. The aim of this paper is to bring together the "state of the art" in quantifying trade policy measures, so we focus on the extent of the protection granted by policies rather than...

Over the time a large number of reciprocal preferential trade agreements (RTAs) have been concluded among countries. Recently many studies have used gravity equations in order to estimate the effect of RTAs on trade flows between partners. These studies report very different estimates since they...

The paper provides an analysis of the impact on trade of EU preferences in the agricultural sector. An explicit measure of the intensity of preference margins at the 6-digit tariff line level it is used. Moreover, the estimation framework takes into account the heterogeneity across exporters and...