This paper analyses the impact of loan market competition on the interest rates applied by euro area banks to loans and … deposits during the 1994-2004 period, using a novel measure of competition called the Boone indicator. We find evidence that … stronger competition implies significantly lower spreads between bank and market interest rates for most loan market products …

influences total demand. Survey data of Dutch merchants shows that costs, and competition affect acceptance as well as … their customers for using them. Merchants who face any competition accept debit card payments relatively more often than … merchants with monopoly power, and they are less likely to surcharge their customers for debit card usage. Intense competition …