range from 5% to 10%. To measure competition directly, we apply a novel approach that estimates the impact of marginal costs … as indicator of inefficiency on either market shares or profits. Over time, competition in health insurance has increased … fall in the average level of competitive pressure. After the reform, competition continued to improve. In the non …

supervisory data set, this paper investigates competition and efficiency in the Dutch life insurance market by estimating unused … economies decrease but substantial differences between small and large insurers remain. A direct measure of competition confirms … competition from banks, the so-called investment policy crisis or the credit crisis, apart from lower returns in 2008 …