This paper explores the evolution of the bases of mass partisan support for the Brazilian Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) since 1989, when public opinion data first became available. In this period, the proportion of Brazilians who identify as petistas grew from about 5% to 25%. In this paper we...

Current research on self-determination conflicts -- whether they manifest in separatist, secessionist, or autonomy demands -- tends to grant causal supremacy heavily to the last couple of decades. I argue that this tight historical focus misses much of the explanation for why it is that such...