We examine the role of substitution from traditional to modern energy carriers and of differential rates of innovation in the use of each of these in Sweden from 1850 to 1950. We use a simple growth model with a nested CES production function and exogenous factor augmenting technological change...

The paper develops a model with non-exponential population growth, nonrenewable natural resources, and endogenous knowledge creation to analyse economic development in the medium and long run. We further assume poor substitution between primary inputs and an essential use of resources in the...