We analyse the economic impact of using carbon pricing revenue to fund the EU budget. Such a reform would redistribute … implemented, the low carbon countries will prefer a lower carbon price, i.e. laxer climate policy at the EU level, than before the … reform. For high carbon countries the opposite is true. As a result, EU climate policy becomes less ambitious and less …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … aim is to assess whether "old" and "new" EU countries are rated differently and to determine whether "new" ones are … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst "new" EU countries typically have lower ratings than "old" ones, after …

income shock in the EU, compared to 32 per cent in the US. In the case of an unemployment shock 48 per cent of the shock are … absorbed in the EU, compared to 34 per cent in the US. This cushioning of disposable income leads to a demand stabilization of … 26 to 35 per cent in the EU and 19 per cent in the US. There is large heterogeneity within the EU. Automatic stabilizers …

This paper analyses the trade balance effects of Europe agreements (EA) between the EU-15 and four new EU members from …