analogy to medical treatments, the individual exposure to these tools may have side effects. We study effects on health using … outcomes before and after exposure to training and sanctions. We find that training improves cardiovascular and mental health … and lowers sickness absence. The results suggest that this is not due to improved employment prospects but rather to …

. The value of this state is therefore a fundamental determinant of wages and, in turn, labor supply and job creation. We … measure the effect of changes in the value of nonemployment on wages in existing jobs and among job switchers. Our quasi …-experimental variation in nonemployment values arises from four large reforms of unemployment insurance (UI) benefit levels in Austria. We …