We investigate the unemployment pathway to retirement in Germany and study the causal effects of two early retirement … unemployment, and shifted to alternative pathways into retirement. The overall use of the retirement system declined by about 1 … reforms. Reform 1 (NRA) increased normal retirement age stepwise from 60 to 65. Simultaneously, it became possible to use …

market outcomes do not benefit significantly from naturalization. Naturalization reduces the risks of unemployment and …

We investigate whether a cut in unemployment benefit payout periods affected older workers’ labor market transitions … unemployed declined after the reform. These patterns suggest that the reform of unemployment benefits may be one of the reasons …

aggregate unemployment. Our evidence supports countercyclical teenage fertility. …