, regions, or countries. The enlargement of the EU or the introduction of the euro, however, can be looked upon as integration … that go along with EU integration along the border. Both at the urban and regional level, we find a beneficial influence of … the EU integration process as measured by the growth in population share along the integration borders, leading to an …

; most studies predict a trade and welfare loss for both the UK and the EU. The UK parliament has indicated that it aims for … for the EU. After reviewing all potential options, we have a simple answer to the question whether the UK has an … alternative for the existing trade agreement with the EU. The answer is: No. Only a trade agreement with the EU can compensate for …

Using a rich data set on the EU regions, we analyze the relevance of two possible determinants of a region's resilience … that started in 2008, as our shock and then analyze how the NUTS II EU regions differ in their resilience to the crisis in … terms of unemployment and real GDP per capita. In prior research it has been well established that (EU) regions differ in …