fundamental reserve demands of Fed member banks, we find that despite being doubled, reserve requirements were not binding on bank … fundamental reserve demands of Fed member banks, we find that despite being doubled, reserve requirements were not binding on bank …

transmission of monetary policies of the U.S., euro area, Japan, and United Kingdom. Two other studies use international data with ….S. policies, and bank-specific heterogeneity influences the magnitudes of transmission. The effects are supportive of the … international bank lending channel and the portfolio channel of monetary policy transmission. They also show that the frictions that …