Using the MIMIC method, this paper is a first attempt to estimate the size of the shadow economy of 158 countries over … proxy for the size of the economy. Results suggest that the average size of the shadow economy of these 158 countries over …

corruption. On the one hand, if we assume that the goal of criminals involved in corruption is to minimize the probability of … being detected, then corruption represents a demand for money laundering (trigger effect), while money laundering can serve … as an effective way to clean the revenue from corruption for re-investment (multiplier effect). On the other hand …

This paper analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa. We hypothesize that corruption … that the shadow economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. We … also find that stricter regulations increase both corruption and the shadow economy. …

findings, a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth, and a positive impact of corruption on the … criticized, estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries are presented. The … average size of a shadow economy varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD, to 23 percent for transition and to 39 percent for …

estimating the size of the shadow economy for 157 countries over 1991 to 2017. The results suggest that the OECD countries are by … far the lowest with values below 20% of off official GDP and the shadow economy is larger in Latin America and Sub ….9 %. What is really remarkable, that the average decline of the shadow economy from 1991 to 2017 is 6.8 percentage points. The …

survey presents the existing knowledge on the interrelation between the economy and the issue of security and it incorporates … analysis the level of knowledge about the causal chains between security and the economy. Also it focuses on perspective and …). It also assembles the knowledge on the impact of terrorism on the economy as reflected in macro-economic variables and …

survey presents the existing knowledge on the interrelation between the economy and the issue of security and it incorporates … analysis the level of knowledge about the causal chains between security and the economy. Also it focuses on perspective and …). It also assembles the knowledge on the impact of terrorism on the economy as reflected in macro-economic variables and …

shadow economy. Countries where direct democratic institutions support democratic life are expected to be characterized by a … core hypothesis and demonstrates that the effect of direct democratic institutions on the shadow economy is negative and … institutions, such as district magnitude. -- shadow economy ; direct democratic institutions ; district magnitude ; good governance …

In this paper the main focus lies on the shadow economy and on work in the shadow. The most influential factors on the … shadow economy are tax policies and state regulation. The size of the shadow economy was decreasing over 1999 to 2007 from 34 …. Opposite to the decrease of the shadow economy (value added figures), the shadow economy labor force increased for most …