The diversion of development aid to the recipient's military may be one explanation why aid is often found to be ineffective in promoting economic growth and development. Previous studies have not derived the causal effects of development aid on military expenditure. Using a new instrumental...

In 1975, M. M. Choban [5] introduced a new topology on the set of all closed subsets of a topological space, similar to the but weaker than it. In 1998, G. Dimov and D. Vakarelov [8] used a generalized version of this new topology, calling it . The present paper is devoted to a detailed study of...