The diversion of development aid to the recipient's military may be one explanation why aid is often found to be ineffective in promoting economic growth and development. Previous studies have not derived the causal effects of development aid on military expenditure. Using a new instrumental...

This paper categorises four different types of monopoly in which competition for-the-market might occur. It discusses the role of government granted concessions as a way to strengthen competition in markets where competition in-the-market is not always possible and suggests that concessions...