We review the nascent but fast-growing literature on central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), focusing on their …

retail public money - whether in the form of cash, a central bank digital currency or both - is a necessary component of such …

For an intermediated central bank digital currency (CBDC) to be successful, central banks will need to develop … main CBDC ecosystem models, each with different levels of central bank involvement in activities of the ecosystem and the … CBDC network, prices and quality standards. Our analysis suggests that a central bank provision of network infrastructure …