little evidence that differences in environmental policies across countries have led to significant "pollution havens". Trade …

is that the EKC is examined in the presence of pollution as a by product of consumption activities; also, pollution is a … environment, consumers do not consider directly pollution in the maximization problem and are assumed to choose between two … that substitution of dirty consumption with clean consumption alone is not sufficient to reduce environmental pollution …

economic growth deteriorates the environment through increasing amounts of pollution, the deteriorated environment in turn …

growth and in turn benefits from the low pollution content of growth. This also calls for serious exploration of green … liberalization on other climatic aspects, such as water pollution and land salinity, with the help of large scientific databases. But … the fact remains that only through trade can countries replace the local production of pollution intensive goods with …