Although the literature on the benefits of diversifying equity portfolios to emerging markets is abundant, the role of frontier markets in global equity portfolio diversification is clearly less examined. We contribute to the existing literature by examining three different, though closely...

Firms must estimate expected credit losses (EL) to comply with accounting standards and unexpected credit losses (UL) to determine regulatory credit risk capital. Both rely on estimates of obligor probabilities of default (PD). Investors also pay close attention to credit ratings-derived from...