It is often assumed that international labor migration from Tajikistan, while having no noticeable effects on … the migration decision is developed and tested empirically. In a second step, the effect of low-skilled labor migration on … household expenditure shares is analyzed using 2SLS. While only weak effects of migration measured by a simple dummy are visible …

Temporary and circular migration programs have been devised by many destination countries and supported by the European … additional reason for proposing temporary migration policies based on the characteristics of the foreign labor-effort supply. The … when temporary migration policies are adopted. -- Migration ; Exertion of effort ; Contracted Temporary Migration …

"Temporary migration programs for unskilled workers are increasingly being proposed as a way to both relieve labor … permanent migration. New Zealand's new Recognized Seasonal Employer program is designed to enable unskilled workers from the …

would be unlikely to be accepted under existing migration channels. Nevertheless, the program workers from Vanuatu tend to …