affect total expenditures in households headed by low-educated single mothers. However, patterns of expenditure did change … significant changes in expenditures on childcare or learning and enrichment activities. This pattern of results suggests that … welfare reform has shifted family expenditures towards items that facilitate work outside the home, but, at least so far, has …

mobility – the human capital model and the migration model – across traditional and emerging destinations. Our findings suggest … that while the predictions of the migration model are generally valid in explaining student emigration to non …