. We show that ERTEs stabilize unemployment rates by allowing workers to remain with their employers in highly affected …

EPL varying among workers of different skills on the level and composition of unemployment, job flows, productivity and …

labor market institutions are similar and their unemployment rates just before the crisis were both around 8%. Yet, in …This paper analyzes the strikingly different response of unemployment to the Great Recession in France and Spain. Their … France, unemployment rate has increased by 2 percentage points, whereas in Spain it has shot up to 19% by the end of 2009. We …

current institutions, past performance during recessions, and the policy measures adopted during the pandemic. Emphasis is …