achievement in urban, rural, and suburban schools. In North Carolina, the harm associated with student absences is greater among …

Sniper" attacks on student achievement in Virginia's public schools. In order to identify the causal impact of these events …, the empirical analysis uses a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits geographic variation in schools' proximity … schools within five miles of an attack. Evidence of a causal effect is most robust for third grade reading and third and fifth …

Evidence of grade inflation in U.S. high schools is often misinterpreted due to confusion about how grade inflation is … recent ten-year period. Static grade inflation has been, and remains, higher in schools serving relatively disadvantaged … student populations; however, differential growth in grade inflation in schools serving relatively advantaged student …