. In a setting where families choose schools, we identify the causal effect of longer schedules with instrumental variables …, using the local availability of full-day schools as an instrument. We find that lower-income families are more likely to … choose full-day schools, and after controlling for selection, longer school schedules lead to an increase of 0.14 standard …

the scores of students from families where parents had only basic education. -- Education ; school system ; tracking …

The nation's largest charter management organization is the Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP). KIPP schools are … traditional reading and math skills. No Excuses charter schools are sometimes said to focus on relatively motivated high achievers … scores rise by roughly 0.35 standard deviations for each year spent at KIPP Lynn. -- human capital ; charter schools …