is that the EKC is examined in the presence of pollution as a by product of consumption activities; also, pollution is a … environment, consumers do not consider directly pollution in the maximization problem and are assumed to choose between two … that substitution of dirty consumption with clean consumption alone is not sufficient to reduce environmental pollution …

there is no perfectly clean technology that eventually solves the pollution problem once and for all. New technologies have … stings attached, i.e. each emits a specific stock pollutant. Damages are convex in individual pollution stocks but additive … across stocks, creating gains from diversification. The research and pollution policies are tightly linked in such a setting …

the new technology may turn out to generate a new pollution problem. R&D may therefore be optimally undertaken more than … the optimal pollution and R&D policies. The optimal R&D program is strictly sequential and has an endogenous stopping …

This paper studies Krugman's (1991) core-periphery model and extends it to include environmental pollution. We present … local environmental pollution, a third and more realistic type of equilibrium may occur in which most of the manufacturing …

has given rise to unprecedented environmental pollution and CO2 emissions. While estimates of the embedded CO2 emissions …