the impact of in-utero exposure to local violence -measured by homicide rates- on birth outcomes. Focusing on small … communities, where it is more plausible that local homicide rates reflect actual exposure to violence, the analysis shows that … exposure to violence during pregnancy leads to deterioration in birth outcomes: one extra homicide during the first trimester …

This paper examines how social exclusion contributes to violence in communities throughout Latin America and the … Caribbean. Residents in socially excluded communities cannot depend on those institutions designed to protect them, and violence … marginalized areas, some feel compelled to resort to violent acts. This paper discusses how social exclusion and violence interact …

Violence has a striking gender pattern. Men are more likely to be attacked by a stranger, while women experience … violence mostly from their partners. This paper estimates the costs of violence against women in terms of intangible outcomes … show that physical violence against women is strongly associated with their marital status because it increases the divorce …

A growing literature seeks to identify policies that could reduce intimate partner violence. However, in the absence of … reliable administrative records, this violence is often measured using self-reported data from health surveys. In this paper …, underreport physical and sexual violence. The paper provides a low-cost solution to correct the bias in the estimation of causal …

There are few reliable estimates of the effects of violence on economic outcomes. This study exploits the manifold … and homicides and exploits within-municipality variation, the study finds that the burden of violence affects only the …