Spain, where evaluators are randomly assigned to promotion committees. We find that prior connections between candidates and …

professorships in all academic disciplines in two countries, Italy and Spain. These applications were assessed by 8,000 evaluators … exception of evaluations to full professorships in Spain. Data from 300,000 individual voting reports suggests that men become …

evidence from Spain, where quotas were introduced in 2007 in municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants, and were extended …