The huge difference in the level and variance of student performance in the 2000 PISA study between Finland and Germany … scores than Finnish students. The results imply that early streaming in Germany penalizes students in lower school types and … school types. Overall, the variation in test scores can be explained much better by the observable characteristics in Germany …

Germany in the time period 1985-2002. Returns to education are estimated using Mincer equations. We analyze micro-census data … first time for Germany in such detail. The data indicate an educational expansion, especially for women in West Germany … degree subjects in West than in East Germany, especially for women …