productivity. We investigate these phenomena further by examining the relationship between plant-level productivity and firm …-level R&D. We find that (1) the productivity-enhancing effects of parent firm R&D are diminished by geographic distance from … the research lab and `technological' distance between the product-field focus of the R&D and the plants; (2) productivity …

and China the loosest. The fraction of grants that are inconsistent with the office's own standard ranges from 2-6 per …