councils may be construed as largely beneficial. However, any such optimistic evaluation is heavily qualified by union … organization and in particular workplace unionism. Establishment union density seemingly blunts the performance of employee …

This paper analyzes the implications of bilateral bargaining over wages and employment between a producer and a union … market is cleared in a competitive way. It is shown that, for each level of union power, measured by the share it obtains of … union power, temporary equilibria may exhibit voluntary overemployment or underemployment with the competitive equilibrium …