infer causation from education to smoking and find strong evidence that education, whether it be measured in years of …, more particularly the probability of smoking regularly. Interestingly, however, while we find that more education … substantially increases the probability of never smoking, our other main finding is suggestive that increased education has a …

individuals with low levels of education, and to situate it in the context of the evolution in the value of a high school diploma … over the 1981-1996 period, conditional on not pursuing post-secondary education. To do so I make use of Statistics Canada … whether the value of holding a high school diploma (excluding the option value of pursuing post-secondary education) has …