scientist commercialization - patents and Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants - do not cover the full spectrum of …, suggesting that the contribution of universities to U.S. innovation and ultimately economic growth may be greater than had …

innovation in firms with different productivity levels. We develop and estimate a model on two distinct samples using data from … both the likelihood and commercialization of innovation …

-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the …

impact on the U.S. innovation system, catalyzing technology clusters around the country with accompanying increases in high …. In the aggregate, wartime R&D permanently changed the trajectory of U.S. innovation in the direction of funded …

Innovation policy can be a crucial component of governments' responses to crises. Because speed is a paramount … objective, crisis innovation may also require different policy tools than innovation policy in non-crisis times, raising … distinct questions and tradeoffs. In this paper, we survey the U.S. policy response to two crises where innovation was crucial …

World War II innovation model in other crises. In this essay we describe exactly how it worked. We do so first through a … general overview of how OSRD approached several questions that may confront any crisis innovation effort: priority setting … innovation policy different, how crisis innovation policy approaches may vary, and also the limits to generalizing from World War …