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Are market-based or bank-based financial systems better at financing the expansion of industries that depend heavily on … external finance, facilitating the formation of new establishments, and improving the efficiency of capital allocation across … overall financial development boost industry growth, new establishment formation, and efficient capital allocation, having a …
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Using a novel way to identify relationship and transaction banks, we study how banks' lending techniques affect funding to SMEs over the business cycle. For 21 countries we link the lending techniques that banks use in the direct vicinity of firms to these firms' credit constraints at two...
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We conduct face-to-face interviews with bank CEOs to classify 397 banks across 21 countries as either relationship or transaction lenders. We then use the geographic coordinates of these banks' branches and of 14,100 businesses to analyze how the lending techniques of banks in the vicinity of...
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enterprises with female ownership participation or by female individuals when key characteristics of the enterprises or … likely to run sole proprietorships than men, and firms with female ownership participation are smaller, but more likely to …
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