Evolutionary economists have tended to assess firms and industries separately, neglecting the role of their interaction … in the process of economic growth and development. We trace the separation of firms and industries to Marshall, whose … industries. Penrose avoids the industry concept by focussing on heterogeneous firms, while Young and Steindl develop mundane …

increases productivity of incumbent plants and improves the allocation of activity within industries. -- Trade liberalization …

findings show that hiring and firing costs tend to curb job flows, particularly in those industries and firm size classes that …

. The paper assesses the importance of technological factors that characterize different industries in explaining cross …, especially in those industries that require more frequent labor adjustment. Regulations also distort the patterns of industry …