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Evolutionary economists have tended to assess firms and industries separately, neglecting the role of their interaction … in the process of economic growth and development. We trace the separation of firms and industries to Marshall, whose … industries. Penrose avoids the industry concept by focussing on heterogeneous firms, while Young and Steindl develop mundane …
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We evaluate the impact of international competition on firm-level perfor- mance in Belgium. In the manufacturing sector we consider both the impact of global competition through measures of import penetration and the impact of within-EU competitiveness using measures of relative labor cost. In...
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Between 1990 and 2008, emissions of the most common air pollutants from U.S. manufacturing fell by 60 percent, even as real U.S. manufacturing output grew substantially. This paper develops a quantitative model to explain how changes in trade, environmental regulation, productivity, and consumer...
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