What are the borrowing strategies and practices of European members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)? The authors had extensive discussions with bankers in the leading financial centres in Europe. Some of their findings are presented in the following article.

Tripartite cooperation is thought to be of cardinal importance in the ambit of East-West cooperation, at least for the future. An essential reason for this is probably the expectation that it can be used as an instrument of development aid to the benefit of the Third World. Is this expectation...

The trade of the Western industrial states with Eastern Europe has been the object of keen political interest in the past year or two although it accounts for no more than 5–6 p.c. of the total foreign commerce of the OECD countries. The current discussion about the future of the economic...

Insofar as the New International Economic Order (NIEO) is aimed at strengthening the national sovereignty of the developing countries, at eliminating their dependence upon external "imperialist" markets, the Eastern bloc does indeed give very concrete expression to its support. The starting...

Trade between eastern and western industrial nations amounts to barely 4 p.c. of the total foreign trade of the latter, yet the interest in this part of world trade is disproportionally great. A number of many-sided studies have been devoted to East-West trade, and their results have given...

The new forms of cooperation between Western firms and East European enterprises, begun with so much optimism in the 1970s, have disappointed the expectations placed in them. In both East and West the question as to the benefits and risks of this particular form of collaboration is now being...