We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of … institutions trumps' everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, measures of geography have at best weak direct effects …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining cross-country income … levels using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of institutions … 'trumps' everything else. Controlling for institutions, geography have at best weak direct effects on incomes, although it has …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of … institutions trumps' everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, measures of geography have at best weak direct effects …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining cross-country income … levels using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of institutions … ""trumps"" everything else. Controlling for institutions, geography have at best weak direct effects on incomes, although it …