for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009 …, with severe economic and financial disruptions in many countries around the world. The 2009 global recession, set off by …