We propose that outcome utility and process utility can be distinguished and empirically measured. People gain … procedural utility from participating in the political decision-making process itself, irrespective of the outcome. Nationals … enjoy both outcome and process utility, while foreigners are excluded from political decision-making and therefore cannot …

People not only obtain utility from actual outcomes but also from the conditions which lead to these outcomes. The … paper proposes an economic concept of this notion of procedural utility. Preferences beyond outcome can be manifold. We … distinguish procedural utility people get from institutions as such, i.e. from how allocative and redistributive decisions are …

. We argue that reported subjective well-being is a satisfactory empirical approximation to individual utility and that …