Market imperfections call into question the suitability of the CAPM for deriving the cost of capital. The valuation by incomplete replication introduces a valuation concept that takes capital market imperfections into account and derives the risk-adjusted cost of capital (or risk discounts) on...

Today, the determination of a company's value is mostly based on the discounted cash flow method (DCF method). In doing so, planned values of the cash flows (or income/flow-to-equity) provided by the company are usually discounted to the present with a calculated a discount rate based on the...