To evaluate the validity of distinguishing between opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship, this paper investigates … predominant motive, with a similar ratio of necessity-to-opportunity entrepreneurship being identified as amongst legitimate … entrepreneurship in the informal economy. The outcome is a call for the necessity/opportunity dualism to be transcended and replaced by …

The starting point of this paper is the recognition that the entrepreneurship literature is dominated by a normative … entrepreneurial endeavour as the revered heroic figures normally associated with entrepreneurship, but also how this is not a weak …, necessity-driven, transient and disappearing form of entrepreneurship, but resilient, opportunity-driven and persistent. The …

economic development. Originality/valueEvaluates the extent of informal entrepreneurship in rural communities and how this …

city, a group of entrepreneurs who have been conventionally depicted as largely driven by necessity into entrepreneurship … way of categorising types of entrepreneurship not only because motivations change over time but also because entrepreneurs … conventional either/or depiction of opportunity versus necessity entrepreneurship and towards a richer, more nuanced and dynamic …

-driven' entrepreneurs pushed into entrepreneurship because other options for work are absent or unsatisfactory, and ‘opportunity …-driven' entrepreneurs pulled into entrepreneurship to exploit some perceived business opportunity, has been transcended by commentators … entrepreneurs. MethodologyA household survey of entrepreneurship is reported conducted in Moscow during late 2005 and early 2006. In …

western economies. Instead, it has been widely assumed that those engaged in entrepreneurship in the informal sector are those … entrepreneurship is developed that replaces such either/or thinking by a both/and approach that depicts how the majority are … re-reading of the nature of informal entrepreneurship in western economies …