causes democracy. Existing studies establish a strong cross-country correlation between income and democracy, but do not … country fixed effects removes the statistical association between income per capita and various measures of democracy. We also … democracy. Furthermore, we reconcile the positive cross-country correlation between income and democracy with the absence of a …

representative democracy. The basic association, however, is conditioned on the relative strength of the indigenous groups within a … Europe a positive impulse towards the development of representative democracy. It shows that contemporary regimes are shaped …

We provide evidence that democracy has a significant and robust positive effect on GDP. Our empirical strategy relies … on a dichotomous measure of democracy coded from several sources to reduce measurement error and controls for country … fixed effects and the rich dynamics of GDP, which otherwise confound the effect of democracy on economic growth. Our …