Pension accounting is anything but conservative since earnings can be protected from actuarial gains and losses. This paper shows that therefore conservatism measures based on models of the asymmetric relationship between earnings and positive versus negative stock returns are biased downwards....

This longitudinal study of large European firms (1993-2007) offers a conceptual model that explains how two key aspects of the macro-competitive environment, macroeconomic growth and foreign competition, shape product and international diversification. The results indicate that greater foreign...

Transferring individuals who possess relevant knowledge from one organizational unit to another – a form of resource redeployment – may help to overcome impediments to knowledge transfer. Despite the promise of this mechanism, which often occurs through intra-firm geographic mobility,...