Country indices as represented by iShares exhibit non-normal return distributions with both skewness and kurtosis. Davidson and Duclos (2000) and Memmel (2003) provide procedures for determining the statistical significance of stochastic dominance measures and the Sharpe Ratio, respectively....

This paper first extends the theory of almost stochastic dominance (ASD) to the first four orders. We then establish some equivalent relationships for the first four orders of the ASD. Using these results, we prove formally that the ASD definition modified by Tzeng et al.\ (2012) does not...

This paper establishes some equivalent relationships for the first three orders of the almost stochastic dominance (ASD). Using these results, we first prove formally that the ASD definition modified by Tzeng et al. (2012) does not possess any hierarchy property. Thereafter, we conclude that...