We raise the issue of how appropriately to attribute economic impact to consumption expenditures. Despite the salience …-Output analysis consumption expenditures are either treated as wholly endogenous or wholly exogenous. For many applications, such as … those focusing on the impacts of tourism, benefits systems or student expenditures, these binomial assumptions are not …

mergers of large local governments reduce expenditures. I use the synthetic control method to identify the effect of mergers … of county-sized administrations in Germany (districts) on public expenditures. In 2008, the German state of Saxony … that did not merge districts for years. The results do neither show that district mergers reduce total expenditures per …

expenditures are then spent at the place of study, typically a central city. This gives rise to a spatial demand-shift effect … expenditures. The focus is on the peripheral region of the Highlands and Islands (HI) and its interaction with the Rest of Scotland …

-sized local governments reduce expenditures, and influence political outcomes. I use the synthetic control method to identify the … effect of mergers of large local governments in Germany (districts) on public expenditures. In 2008, the German state of … show reductions in total expenditures, nor in expenditures for administration, education, and social care. There seems to …