-as-you-go. -- Bismarck ; mining ; pay-as-you-go ; social security ; welfare state …

? -- Insurance ; implicit rates of return ; Knappschaft ; mining ; pay-as-you-go ; pensions ; Prussia ; welfare state … umlagefinanzierter Sozialversicherungssysteme. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Knappschaftsvereine Preußens, die Träger der bergbau …

By the mid-19th century, following the Prussian mining reform, German miners‘ combined mutual health and pension funds …. -- Competing risk ; financial distress ; insurance ; Knappschaft ; liquidation ; merger ; mining …

covered includes from pre-history up to the date of the study (1972) …

By the mid-19th century, following the Prussian mining reform, German miners‘ combined mutual health and pension funds …

Access to affordable and reliable energy is key for the mining sector and with rising demand for minerals and falling … ore grades, energy demand is estimated to increase by 36% by 2035. Today, energy produced and procured by mining companies … an unprecedented scale, which has encouraged an increasing number of mining companies to test these technologies at their …