This paper introduces a theory-based equivalence scale for public in-kind transfers, which justifies comparison of …, education and childcare expenditure on estimates of income inequality and poverty for 24 European countries. The empirical … results show significant effects of public in-kind transfers on the level of income inequality and poverty for all countries …

exposed prenatally to TRI pollution have lower wages, are more likely to be in poverty as adults, have fewer years of … births where one or more child was exposed to TRI pollution during gestation and other siblings were not exposed because the …

exposed prenatally to TRI pollution have lower wages, are more likely to be in poverty as adults, have fewer years of … births where one or more child was exposed to TRI pollution during gestation and other siblings were not exposed because the …

particulate (PM2.5) exposure to study the evolution of the Black-White pollution exposure gap over the past 40 years. In doing so …-preserving compression in the overall pollution distribution and (2) changes that stem from a reordering of Black and White households within … the pollution distribution. We find a significant narrowing of the Black-White PM2.5 exposure gap over this time period …